In the face of the dual challenges of climate change and energy security, conducting in-depth research on energy and carbon emission (E&C) systems has become crucial for nations to address ...

Complex network theory has become a key analytical framework in modern physics for studying structure, dynamics, and emergent behaviour in complex systems.

Integrating proteomics with systems biology reveals complex cellular networks, improving disease mechanisms understanding and precision medicine applications.

Despite these advances, the study underscores a critical limitation: the energy–intelligence paradox. Large AI models require ...